Weather and Climate

  • Fahrenheit to Rankine Converter
    Convert Fahrenheit to Rankine (°F to °R) instantly. Uses °R = °F + 459.67 and shows the full conversion steps. Accepts decimals and negatives.
  • Celsius to Kelvin Converter
    Convert degrees Celsius (°C) to Kelvin (K) instantly. Uses K = °C + 273.15 with full calculation steps and reference points like water freezing and boiling.
  • Celsius to Rankine Converter
    Convert Celsius to Rankine instantly. Enter a temperature in degC and get degR using the formula degR = degC x 1.8 + 491.67, with step-by-step working.
  • Rain to Snow Calculator
    Convert rainfall to expected snowfall using the snow-to-rain ratio. Estimate inches of snow from liquid precipitation (5:1 to 20:1).
  • Mixed Air Temperature Calculator
    Calculate the mixed air temperature of two combining airstreams from their flow rates and temperatures using the flow-weighted average formula.
  • Wet Bulb Temperature Calculator
    Calculate wet bulb temperature from air temperature and relative humidity using the Stull approximation. Get results in °C and °F instantly.
  • Virtual Temperature Calculator
    Calculate virtual temperature (Tv) from air temperature and water vapor mixing ratio using Tv = T(1 + 0.61w). Supports K, °C and °F inputs.
  • Temperature at Altitude Calculator
    Calculate air temperature at any altitude from sea-level temperature using the environmental lapse rate (default 6.5 °C per 1000 m). Outputs °C, °F and K.
  • Solar Elevation Angle Calculator
    Calculate the Sun's elevation angle above the horizon from latitude, solar declination and hour angle. Free solar position calculator with zenith angle.
  • Beer Can vs. Beer Bottle CO2 Emissions Calculator
    Compare the life-cycle CO2 emissions of 500 ml aluminum beer cans versus glass beer bottles. Editable emission factors; defaults from a Japanese LCA study.
  • Thermal Equilibrium Temperature Calculator
    Find the final equilibrium temperature when two substances mix, using mass, specific heat and initial temperatures. Free physics & chemistry tool.
  • Air Pressure at Altitude Calculator
    Calculate atmospheric pressure at any altitude using the barometric formula. Enter altitude and sea-level pressure to get hPa, kPa, and atm.
  • Daylight Duration Calculator
    Calculate hours of daylight for any latitude and day of the year using solar declination and the sunrise equation. Free day-length calculator.
  • Mixing Ratio of Air Calculator
    Calculate the mixing ratio of moist air from vapor pressure and total pressure using w = 0.622·e/(P−e). Get results in kg/kg and g/kg instantly.
  • Relative Humidity Calculator
    Calculate relative humidity (%) from air temperature and dew point using the Magnus saturation vapor pressure formula. Fast, accurate, free.
  • Kinematic Viscosity of Air Calculator
    Calculate the kinematic viscosity of air (ν = μ / ρ) from dynamic viscosity and air density. Get results in m²/s and centistokes instantly.
  • Density Altitude Calculator
    Calculate density altitude from pressure altitude and outside air temperature (OAT) using the standard aviation rule of thumb. Free and instant.
  • Cloud Base Calculator
    Estimate the height of cumulus cloud bases from surface temperature and dew point using the standard spread method. Free aviation cloud base calculator.
  • Air Density Calculator
    Calculate the density of dry air from pressure and temperature using the ideal gas law (ρ = P / (R·T), R = 287.058 J/kg·K).
  • Absolute Humidity Calculator
    Calculate absolute humidity in g/m³ from temperature and relative humidity using the Magnus-based formula. Fast, free, and accurate.
  • Earthquake Magnitude Difference & Energy Ratio Comparison Calculator
    Compare two earthquakes: get the magnitude difference and seismic energy ratio using the standard Gutenberg-Richter relation log10(J)=4.8+1.5M. Universal physics tool.
  • Apparent Temperature Calculator (Improved Missenard Formula)
    Compute the apparent (feels-like) temperature from air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed using the improved Missenard formula. Universal, in degC, %, m/s.
  • Sunrise, Sunset and Solar Transit Table Calculator
    Build a daily table of sunrise, solar noon (transit) and sunset times for any latitude/longitude and UTC offset over 1 week to 2 months, using the NOAA sunrise equation.
  • SMOG Air Quality Index (AQI) Calculator
    Convert PM2.5, PM10 or ozone concentration into the US EPA Air Quality Index (AQI) using the official piecewise linear breakpoint formula.

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