Physics and Engineering

  • Free Space Path Loss Calculator
    Calculate Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) in dB from distance (km) and frequency (MHz). Uses the standard 32.44 constant RF link-budget formula.
  • Cups to Milliliters Converter
    Convert US cups to milliliters (mL) instantly. Uses the exact factor 1 cup = 236.5882365 mL for accurate cooking and recipe measurements.
  • Ounces to Milliliters Converter
    Convert US fluid ounces to milliliters instantly. 1 fl oz = 29.5735 mL. Free, accurate oz to mL converter for cooking, recipes, and science.
  • Electrical Power Calculator
    Calculate real power (kW) from voltage, current and power factor for single-phase or three-phase AC circuits. Fast, accurate electrical power tool.
  • Thin Lens Equation Calculator
    Solve the thin lens equation 1/f = 1/do + 1/di. Find focal length, object or image distance, magnification and optical power instantly.
  • Voltage Divider Calculator
    Calculate the output voltage of a resistive voltage divider using Vout = Vin × R2 / (R1 + R2). Also gives divider ratio, current and power.
  • Capacitor Charge Calculator
    Calculate the electric charge stored in a capacitor using Q = C × V. Enter capacitance and voltage to get charge in coulombs plus stored energy.
  • Orbital & Escape Velocity Calculator
    Calculate circular orbital velocity and escape velocity from a central body's mass and orbital radius using Newton's law of gravitation.
  • Solar Battery Storage Size Calculator
    Calculate the solar battery bank size in kWh you need from daily energy use, days of autonomy, depth of discharge, and system efficiency.
  • kWh to Cost Calculator
    Calculate the cost of electricity from kWh used and price per kWh, or from device watts and hours of use. Fast, accurate energy cost estimates.
  • LED Series Resistor Calculator
    Calculate the correct series resistor for an LED from supply voltage, LED forward voltage, and current. Get resistance and power rating instantly.
  • Appliance Electricity Cost Calculator
    Calculate how much an appliance costs to run. Enter watts, hours used, days and your kWh rate to get daily, monthly and yearly electricity cost.
  • Water Flow Rate Calculator
    Calculate water flow rate in a pipe from inner diameter and velocity. Get results in m³/s, L/s, L/min, m³/h and US GPM using Q = A × v.
  • Projectile Range Calculator
    Calculate the horizontal range of a projectile from launch velocity and angle using R = v²·sin(2θ)/g. Also returns max height and flight time.
  • Half-Life Time Calculator
    Calculate the time required for a substance to decay from an initial quantity to a remaining amount using its half-life and the decay formula.
  • Oval Pool Water Volume Calculator
    Calculate the water volume of an oval or ellipse swimming pool in US gallons, cubic feet and liters from length, width and depth.
  • Vertical Cylindrical Tank Volume Calculator
    Calculate total and filled volume of a vertical cylindrical tank from diameter, height and liquid level. Get m³, litres and fill percentage instantly.
  • Propane Tank Volume Calculator
    Calculate propane tank water capacity and usable gallons from diameter and length. Capsule-shape volume with adjustable fill percentage (default 80%).
  • Venturi Flow Rate Calculator
    Calculate volumetric flow rate, throat velocity and areas from a Venturi meter's pressure drop, diameters, fluid density and discharge coefficient.
  • LED Series-Parallel Array Calculator
    Calculate the series resistor, voltage drops, current and power for an LED array with multiple parallel strings of LEDs in series.
  • Specific Weight Calculator
    Calculate the specific weight (γ) of any fluid or material from its density and gravitational acceleration using γ = ρ·g. Results in N/m³ and kN/m³.
  • Watts to Lumens Calculator
    Convert watts to lumens using luminous efficacy (lm/W). Compare LED, CFL and incandescent brightness instantly with this free calculator.
  • Speed of Sound in Air Calculator
    Calculate the speed of sound in air using a = √(γRT). Enter temperature in °C to get the sonic speed in m/s, km/h, and mph instantly.
  • Hagen-Poiseuille Pressure Drop Calculator
    Calculate the pressure drop of laminar fluid flow through a pipe using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation from viscosity, length, flow rate and diameter.

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